The S&P Short-Range Oscillator, usually called the S&P Oscillator, is a market measure which takes a number of related variables of trading data into account, tracks development according to several moving averages, and results in an average numerical value which may be either positive or negative.The Ultimate Oscillator is a study that turns a stock price action related to three different time frames into a single oscillator. The three time frames represent short, intermediate and long term market cycles. The Ultimate Oscillator is calculated by finding the average position of the Close price in the True Range represented on the 0 to ... S&P 500 Index ($SPX) Alerts Watch Help Go To: The Moving Average is the average price of the security or contact for the Period shown. For example, a 9-period moving average is the average of the closing prices for the past 9 periods, including the current period. For intraday data the current price is used in place of the closing price.Key Takeaways. Oscillators are chart indicators that can assist a trader in determining overbought or oversold conditions in ranging (non-trending) markets. Most traders use multiple oscillators ...The Ultimate Oscillator is a study that turns a stock price action related to three different time frames into a single oscillator. The three time frames represent short, intermediate and long term market cycles. The Ultimate Oscillator is calculated by finding the average position of the Close price in the True Range represented on the 0 to ... S&P 500 Oscillator. The S&P 500 Oscillator shows if the index is overbought or oversold. S&P 500 Oscillator. The S&P 500 Oscillator shows if the index is overbought or oversold.Armed with this idea of normal modes, let's take another shot at the system of coupled oscillators shown in Figure 8.4.3. We have our two differential equations that include x1 x 1 and x2 x 2 in Equation 8.4.7. Now we are looking for a pair of new coordinates, q1 q 1 and q2 q 2, that express the motions of the normal modes.The resulting equation is similar to the force equation for the damped harmonic oscillator, with the addition of the driving force: − k x − b d x d t + F 0 sin ( ω t) = m d 2 x d t 2. 15.27. When an oscillator is forced with a periodic driving force, the motion may seem chaotic. The motions of the oscillator is known as transients.The Stochastics oscillator, developed by George Lane in the 1950s, tracks the evolution of buying and selling pressure, identifying cycle turns that alternate power between bulls and bears. Few ...negative resistance. An amplifier element is very often used in order to sustain low- or high-frequency oscillations. The type of oscillator circuit that uses an amplifier circuit and an oscillating circuit on a feedback loop is called a “feedback oscillator”. In this chapter, we study this device in the field of low frequencies. The S&P 500 Short Range Oscillator informs us as to whether we should raise or deploy cash, but it isn't a guide for how to manage individual holdings.S&P 500 Today: Get all information on the S&P 500 Index including historical chart, news and constituents.- Current oscillator settings are: MAP 14, Amplitude 32, Frequency 12, I-Time 0.33, FiO2 31% and recent ABG: 7.25/66/70 - What is your ventilation strategy for the*Tonight's Analysis: Market fades after a gap-up this morning. However, it holds key support level and gets back up in the last two hours of session. The osc...negative resistance. An amplifier element is very often used in order to sustain low- or high-frequency oscillations. The type of oscillator circuit that uses an amplifier circuit and an oscillating circuit on a feedback loop is called a “feedback oscillator”. In this chapter, we study this device in the field of low frequencies.As consideration for the license granted by S&P, you agree to pay fees as set forth. Your card will be charged by Computrade Systems, Inc (MarketEdge). Product: S&P Short Range Oscillator Fee: $500/year By subscribing to the Product you agree and represent that you shall pay the fees, and that you shall use the Product solely for internal ...Developed by Larry Williams in 1976 and featured in Stocks & Commodities Magazine in 1985, the Ultimate Oscillator is a momentum oscillator designed to capture momentum across three different timeframes. The multiple timeframe objective seeks to avoid the pitfalls of other oscillators. Many momentum oscillators surge at the beginning of a ...Once the oscillator has reached its steady state, it is in the code manifold, and we initialize the logical qubit by replacing one of the QEC rounds with a measurement of X,Y or Z.RSI is a price momentum oscillator tracking overbought/oversold levels using velocity of price movements. RSI is considered useful in trending market situations as opposed to sideways markets. RSI values > 70 indicate overbought or overvalued levels and may be due for a trend reversal or correction. The results of this study are oscillator strengths for the 1s 2 1 S → 1s2p 1 P He isoelectronic sequence with rigorous non-relativistic quantum mechanical upper and lower bounds of (0.001-0.003 ...The Ultimate Oscillator is a study that turns a stock price action related to three different time frames into a single oscillator. The three time frames represent short, intermediate and long term market cycles. The Ultimate Oscillator is calculated by finding the average position of the Close price in the True Range represented on the 0 to ...New Highs - New Lows. The Advance/Decline Line (AD Line) is a breadth indicator which is calculated by taking the difference between the number of advancing and declining issues and adding the result to the previous value. It rises when advances exceed declines and falls when declines exceed advances.As consideration for the license granted by S&P, you agree to pay fees as set forth. Your card will be charged by Computrade Systems, Inc (MarketEdge). Product: S&P Short Range Oscillator Fee: $500/year By subscribing to the Product you agree and represent that you shall pay the fees, and that you shall use the Product solely for internal ... In classical mechanics, a harmonic oscillator is a system that, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force F proportional to the displacement x : where k is a positive constant . If F is the only force acting on the system, the system is called a simple harmonic oscillator, and it undergoes simple harmonic ...Free S&P Oscillator? Where can we get access to the S&P Oscillator? Preferably for free. I'm pretty sure there are hundreds of oscillators out there. Thinkorswim has at least a few to choose from. It's free but requires a TD ameritrade account. (US only i think) Same place they hand out free houses and free cars. The proprietary S&P Short-Range Oscillator is a number that is calculated each market day and helps professionals measure the pulse of the market. Published for decades only as part of an S&P Trendline/Daily Action Stock Charts subscription, the proprietary S&P Short-Range Oscillator is now available exclusively by special arrangement through ...Cramer said he trusts the oscillator because it can hold true, despite the unanticipated positive or negative headlines that can sway the market in one way or another. The S&P 500 is down more ...RSI is a price momentum oscillator tracking overbought/oversold levels using velocity of price movements. RSI is considered useful in trending market situations as opposed to sideways markets. RSI values > 70 indicate overbought or overvalued levels and may be due for a trend reversal or correction.Cramer said he trusts the oscillator because it can hold true, despite the unanticipated positive or negative headlines that can sway the market in one way or another. The S&P 500 is down more ...Oscillators work under the premise that as momentum begins to slow, fewer buyers (if in an uptrend) or fewer sellers (if in a downtrend) are willing to trade at the current price. A change in momentum is often a signal that the current trend is weakening. Each of these indicators is designed to signal a possible trend reversal, where the ...We're selling 75 shares of Honeywell (HON) at roughly $204.90, 150 shares of Marvell Technology (MRVL) at roughly $41, and 50 shares of Nvidia (NVDA) at roughly $137.49.An RC Oscillator ( resistor-capacitor) is a type of feedback oscillator which is built using resistors and capacitors, along with an amplifying device such as a transistor or operational amplifier. The amplifying device feeds back into the RC network, which causes positive feedback and generates repeated oscillations.As consideration for the license granted by S&P, you agree to pay fees as set forth. Your card will be charged by Computrade Systems, Inc (MarketEdge). Product: S&P Short Range Oscillator Fee: $500/year By subscribing to the Product you agree and represent that you shall pay the fees, and that you shall use the Product solely for internal ... From the Market Edge/S&P Global Site. The S&P Short-Range Oscillator, usually called the S&P Oscillator, is a market measure which takes a number of related variables of trading data into account, tracks development according to several moving averages, and results in an average numerical value which may be either positive or negative.The S&P Oscillator is a short term measure of current market sentiment. S&P has their own proprietary formula for computing this. When the value of the oscillator exceeds 4, it generally means the market is overbought, and when it is less than negative 4, it generally means the market is oversold. The S&P oscillator is not publically available ...May 24, 2021 · Alan Farley. The momentum oscillator is a technical tool that issues a signal when a price move or trend is about to start. It can fluctuate between an upper and lower band or across a zero line ... A voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is an oscillator whose frequency can be varied by a voltage (or current). In local oscillator applications, the VCO frequency must be able to be varied over the Rx or Tx range (quickly). Frequency Tx or Rx Range Voltage tuning range Linear tuning Nonlinear tuning Fig. 12.3-4 Tuning variables ... Oscillators work under the premise that as momentum begins to slow, fewer buyers (if in an uptrend) or fewer sellers (if in a downtrend) are willing to trade at the current price. A change in momentum is often a signal that the current trend is weakening. Each of these indicators is designed to signal a possible trend reversal, where the ...Stochastic oscillator definition. The stochastic oscillator (stochastic indicator) is a popular technical analysis tool that indicates momentum by comparing a particular security’s closing price to a range of prices over a specific time period. Its sensitivity to market movements is reducible by adjusting that time period or taking a moving ...Free S&P Oscillator? Where can we get access to the S&P Oscillator? Preferably for free. I'm pretty sure there are hundreds of oscillators out there. Thinkorswim has at least a few to choose from. It's free but requires a TD ameritrade account. (US only i think) Same place they hand out free houses and free cars. Jan 27, 2022 · Thursday, Jan. 27: Jim Cramer explains the S&P short range oscillator, previews Apple’s earnings. Jim and Jeff Marks of the CNBC Investing Club discuss how to identify buying and selling ... The proprietary S&P Short-Range Oscillator is a number that is calculated each market day and helps professionals measure the pulse of the market. Published for decades only as part of an S&P Trendline/Daily Action Stock Charts subscription, the proprietary S&P Short-Range Oscillator is now available exclusively by special arrangement through ... The McClellan Volume Oscillator (MVO) is a market breadth indicator that is based on the smoothed difference between the volume of advancing and declining issues. It generally reflects money coming into the market when positive and it portrays money leaving the market when negative. Divergences in the McClellan Volume Oscillator can help ...Aug 18, 2021 · The Stochastics oscillator, developed by George Lane in the 1950s, tracks the evolution of buying and selling pressure, identifying cycle turns that alternate power between bulls and bears. Few ... The 20% Trend’s formula is: EMA (today) = 0.20xPRICE (today) + 0.80xEMA (yesterday) Find the arithmetic difference between them to get the STPO. This is the same process we use for our normal Price Oscillator, except that the EMAs involved there are 10% Trend and 5% Trend. If you have a charting program, you can have it create the indicator ...Aug 18, 2021 · The Stochastics oscillator, developed by George Lane in the 1950s, tracks the evolution of buying and selling pressure, identifying cycle turns that alternate power between bulls and bears. Few ... The McClellan Volume Oscillator (MVO) is a market breadth indicator that is based on the smoothed difference between the volume of advancing and declining issues. It generally reflects money coming into the market when positive and it portrays money leaving the market when negative. Divergences in the McClellan Volume Oscillator can help ...digitally-compensated crystal oscillator, to eliminate the TCXO. Often a simple calibration procedure is used to set the XTAL frequency to within the desired range and a simple look-up table is used to adjust it. A Programmable Crystal Oscillator (PCXO) is a combined PLL A. M. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley EECS 242 p. 13/28 – p ...Description. The Universal Oscillator continues the series of technical indicators proposed by John Ehlers, based upon signal processing techniques. In his article, "Whiter is Brighter," Dr. Ehlers discusses that market data is akin to "pink noise" (a scientific term that refers to a type of noise where the power spectral density is stronger at ... Dec 7, 2007 · Now that Standard & Poor's proprietary oscillator is at minus seven, the market looks like it's poised for a pullback, Jim Cramer said on TheStreet.com TV's Wall St. Confidential Web video Friday ... Microchip offers clock and timing solutions including MEMS and crystal oscillators, TCXO, EMI oscillators, single-ended and differential oscillators.Dec 7, 2007 · Now that Standard & Poor's proprietary oscillator is at minus seven, the market looks like it's poised for a pullback, Jim Cramer said on TheStreet.com TV's Wall St. Confidential Web video Friday ... The proprietary S&P Short-Range Oscillator is a number that is calculated each market day and helps professionals measure the pulse of the market. Published for decades only as part of an S&P Trendline/Daily Action Stock Charts subscription, the proprietary S&P Short-Range Oscillator is now available exclusively by special arrangement through ...(MACD Oscillator is calculated against the 3-Day Moving Average) The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is one of the most popular overbought/oversold (OB/OS) indicators. The RSI is basically an internal strength index which is adjusted on a daily basis by the amount by which the market rose or fell. Description. The Universal Oscillator continues the series of technical indicators proposed by John Ehlers, based upon signal processing techniques. In his article, "Whiter is Brighter," Dr. Ehlers discusses that market data is akin to "pink noise" (a scientific term that refers to a type of noise where the power spectral density is stronger at ...Aug 18, 2021 · The Stochastics oscillator, developed by George Lane in the 1950s, tracks the evolution of buying and selling pressure, identifying cycle turns that alternate power between bulls and bears. Few ... • Oscillator mode selection of device (which selects the gain of the internal oscillator inverter) • Crystal quality • Oscillator circuit layout • System noise Figure 2-2 graphs an example oscillator / resonator start-up. The peak-to-peak voltage of the oscillator waveform can be quite low (less than 50% of device VDD) where the ...RSI is a price momentum oscillator tracking overbought/oversold levels using velocity of price movements. RSI is considered useful in trending market situations as opposed to sideways markets. RSI values > 70 indicate overbought or overvalued levels and may be due for a trend reversal or correction. S&P 500 Index advanced index charts by MarketWatch. View real-time SPX index data and compare to other exchanges and stocks.The S&P Oscillator is a short term measure of current market sentiment. S&P has their own proprietary formula for computing this. When the value of the oscillator exceeds 4, it generally means the market is overbought, and when it is less than negative 4, it generally means the market is oversold. The S&P oscillator is not publically available ...An RC Oscillator ( resistor-capacitor) is a type of feedback oscillator which is built using resistors and capacitors, along with an amplifying device such as a transistor or operational amplifier. The amplifying device feeds back into the RC network, which causes positive feedback and generates repeated oscillations.Key Takeaways. Oscillators are chart indicators that can assist a trader in determining overbought or oversold conditions in ranging (non-trending) markets. Most traders use multiple oscillators ...digitally-compensated crystal oscillator, to eliminate the TCXO. Often a simple calibration procedure is used to set the XTAL frequency to within the desired range and a simple look-up table is used to adjust it. A Programmable Crystal Oscillator (PCXO) is a combined PLL A. M. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley EECS 242 p. 13/28 – p ...The proprietary S&P Short-Range Oscillator is a number that is calculated each market day and helps professionals measure the pulse of the market. Published for decades only as part of an S&P Trendline/Daily Action Stock Charts subscription, the proprietary S&P Short-Range Oscillator is now available exclusively by special arrangement through ...Some of the best technical indicators to complement the stochastic oscillator are moving average crossovers and other momentum oscillators. Moving average crossovers can be used as a complement to ...As consideration for the license granted by S&P, you agree to pay fees as set forth. Your card will be charged by Computrade Systems, Inc (MarketEdge). Product: S&P Short Range Oscillator Fee: $500/year By subscribing to the Product you agree and represent that you shall pay the fees, and that you shall use the Product solely for internal ... Jan 12, 2023 · “Break in! The S&P Oscillator rose to 9.46% today -from 6.46% at Wednesday's close. This is a meaningful overbought. (On December 28th the Oscillator was deeply oversold at -5.35%) I plan to sell more tomorrow. @jimcramer @tomkeene @riskreversal @guyadami @business @scottwapner” Aug 18, 2021 · The Stochastics oscillator, developed by George Lane in the 1950s, tracks the evolution of buying and selling pressure, identifying cycle turns that alternate power between bulls and bears. Few ... The following are the primary uses of the stochastic oscillator: 1. Identify overbought and oversold levels. An overbought level is indicated when the stochastic reading is above 80. Readings below 20 indicate oversold conditions in the market. A sell signal is generated when the oscillator reading goes above the 80 level and then returns to ...May 24, 2021 · Alan Farley. The momentum oscillator is a technical tool that issues a signal when a price move or trend is about to start. It can fluctuate between an upper and lower band or across a zero line ... Abstract A simple nonlinear model is proposed for the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Its key feature is the inclusion of oceanic wave transit effects through a negative, delayed feedback. A linear stability analysis and numerical results are presented to show that the period of the oscillation is typically several times the delay. It is argued such an effect can account for ... Jun 13, 2008 · An Oscillator value of 50% is considered “par.” When the Oscillator reaches a value of “+4%” (meaning 4% above par, or 54%), the market is technically said to be in an “overbought” position. Markets in this standing may be considered as being poised for a downward correction. Mar 15, 2022 · Stochastic oscillator definition. The stochastic oscillator (stochastic indicator) is a popular technical analysis tool that indicates momentum by comparing a particular security’s closing price to a range of prices over a specific time period. Its sensitivity to market movements is reducible by adjusting that time period or taking a moving ... In summary, very limited evidence indicates that the S&P Short-range Oscillator as applied by Jim Cramer does not work as described. Cautions regarding findings include: The “In” and “Out” call subsamples are extremely small for reliable inference (but clearly do not support belief in usefulness of the indicator).Aug 18, 2021 · The Stochastics oscillator, developed by George Lane in the 1950s, tracks the evolution of buying and selling pressure, identifying cycle turns that alternate power between bulls and bears. Few ... The following are the primary uses of the stochastic oscillator: 1. Identify overbought and oversold levels. An overbought level is indicated when the stochastic reading is above 80. Readings below 20 indicate oversold conditions in the market. A sell signal is generated when the oscillator reading goes above the 80 level and then returns to ...The Ultimate Oscillator is a study that turns a stock price action related to three different time frames into a single oscillator. The three time frames represent short, intermediate and long term market cycles. The Ultimate Oscillator is calculated by finding the average position of the Close price in the True Range represented on the 0 to ...Free S&P Oscillator? Where can we get access to the S&P Oscillator? Preferably for free. I'm pretty sure there are hundreds of oscillators out there. Thinkorswim has at least a few to choose from. It's free but requires a TD ameritrade account. (US only i think) Same place they hand out free houses and free cars.Dec 1, 1992 · The results of this study are oscillator strengths for the 1s 2 1 S → 1s2p 1 P He isoelectronic sequence with rigorous non-relativistic quantum mechanical upper and lower bounds of (0.001-0.003 ... A brief summary for the S&P 500 - a detailed technical analysis using moving averages, common chart indicators and pivot point levels. All technical studies are available in different time frames.digitally-compensated crystal oscillator, to eliminate the TCXO. Often a simple calibration procedure is used to set the XTAL frequency to within the desired range and a simple look-up table is used to adjust it. A Programmable Crystal Oscillator (PCXO) is a combined PLL A. M. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley EECS 242 p. 13/28 – p ...Mar 31, 2022 · Put simply: The S & P Oscillator is our most trusted indicator of how to act during big upswings or huge downdrafts in the market.
CCI. MACD. OBV. OSC. RSI. Choose Technical Indicator to analyze. Recent Technical Indicator history for S&P 500 Index use daily Fast & Slow Stochastic Oscillator (OSC) values as of Last Close (2023-Aug-15). See additional information below on calculation, interpretation etc. . Gogo no kouchou junai mellow yori 1
SPX technical analysis. This gauge displays a real-time technical analysis overview for your selected timeframe. The summary of S&P 500 Index is based on the most popular technical indicators, such as Moving Averages, Oscillators and Pivots. Learn more. New Highs - New Lows. The Advance/Decline Line (AD Line) is a breadth indicator which is calculated by taking the difference between the number of advancing and declining issues and adding the result to the previous value. It rises when advances exceed declines and falls when declines exceed advances. The S&P Oscillator is a short term measure of current market sentiment. S&P has their own proprietary formula for computing this. When the value of the oscillator exceeds 4, it generally means the market is overbought, and when it is less than negative 4, it generally means the market is oversold. The S&P oscillator is not publically available ...Developed by Larry Williams in 1976 and featured in Stocks & Commodities Magazine in 1985, the Ultimate Oscillator is a momentum oscillator designed to capture momentum across three different timeframes. The multiple timeframe objective seeks to avoid the pitfalls of other oscillators. Many momentum oscillators surge at the beginning of a ... In summary, very limited evidence indicates that the S&P Short-range Oscillator as applied by Jim Cramer does not work as described. Cautions regarding findings include: The “In” and “Out” call subsamples are extremely small for reliable inference (but clearly do not support belief in usefulness of the indicator).Free S&P Oscillator? Where can we get access to the S&P Oscillator? Preferably for free. I'm pretty sure there are hundreds of oscillators out there. Thinkorswim has at least a few to choose from. It's free but requires a TD ameritrade account. (US only i think) Same place they hand out free houses and free cars.The S&P Short-Range Oscillator, usually called the S&P Oscillator, is a market measure which takes a number of related variables of trading data into account, tracks development according to several moving averages, and results in an average numerical value which may be either positive or negative. As consideration for the license granted by S&P, you agree to pay fees as set forth. Your card will be charged by Computrade Systems, Inc (MarketEdge). Product: S&P Short Range Oscillator Fee: $500/year By subscribing to the Product you agree and represent that you shall pay the fees, and that you shall use the Product solely for internal ...What is the sp 500 oscillator? The S&P Short Range Oscillator is provided through the "Trendline Daily Action Stock Charts" publication. Annual subscriptions are available with issues mailed ...In classical mechanics, a harmonic oscillator is a system that, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force F proportional to the displacement x : where k is a positive constant . If F is the only force acting on the system, the system is called a simple harmonic oscillator, and it undergoes simple harmonic ... The quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum-mechanical analog of the classical harmonic oscillator. Because an arbitrary smooth potential can usually be approximated as a harmonic potential at the vicinity of a stable equilibrium point , it is one of the most important model systems in quantum mechanics. Jun 24, 2021 · 7. Awesome Oscillator. Awesome Oscillator was created by a famous market trader Bill Williams. He designed the indicator for using in his Profitunity trading system. Awesome Oscillator is based on the difference of the values of two SMAs. The indicator is displayed in a separate window under the price chart. Membership Opportunities @ https://2tradersclub.com/joinCome trade with Kay and see what Kay is currently buying and holding!S&P 500 ETF (SPY) Market Analysi...An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating or alternating current (AC) signal, usually a sine wave, square wave or a triangle wave, [1] [2] [3] powered by a direct current (DC) source. Oscillators are found in many electronic devices, such as radio receivers, television sets, radio and television ...This work describes a completely soft ring oscillator, composed of an odd number of soft, pneumatic inverters. This soft ring oscillator generates multiple oscillating, temporally offset output pressures from one constant input pressure; these output pressures can, in turn, drive soft actuators and robots without the need for hard valves or ...Like a dog panting in the heat, the oscillator uses very rapid respiratory rates with a small tidal volume, often less than dead space. It uses an active exhalation and inspiration phase, which diffuses gas down to the alveoli. In the simplest terms, the oscillator is also referred to as “CPAP with a wiggle.”.Jan 23, 2021 · The S&P Short-Range Oscillator is a market measure which takes a number of related variables of trading data inot account, tracks development according to several moving averages and results in an average numeric value which may be either positive or negative. ..a vaue of 50% si considered "par" When the Oscillator reaches a value of +4% ... digitally-compensated crystal oscillator, to eliminate the TCXO. Often a simple calibration procedure is used to set the XTAL frequency to within the desired range and a simple look-up table is used to adjust it. A Programmable Crystal Oscillator (PCXO) is a combined PLL A. M. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley EECS 242 p. 13/28 – p ...The S&P 500 Short Range Oscillator informs us as to whether we should raise or deploy cash, but it isn't a guide for how to manage individual holdings.The Momentum Oscillator measures the amount that a security’s price has changed over a given period of time. The Momentum Oscillator is the current price divided by the price of a previous period, and the quotient is multiplied by 100. The result is an indicator that oscillates around 100. Values less than 100 indicate negative momentum, or ... “Break in! The S&P Oscillator rose to 9.46% today -from 6.46% at Wednesday's close. This is a meaningful overbought. (On December 28th the Oscillator was deeply oversold at -5.35%) I plan to sell more tomorrow. @jimcramer @tomkeene @riskreversal @guyadami @business @scottwapner”.
Popular Topics
- Apartments for rent under dollar1200Heimler
- Fortnite map 3226 5322 569610 day forecast for arlington texas
- Dingmann funeral home and crmtn adrian obituariesJmh
- Email victoriaSerenity hamlar curtis roanoke times obituaries
- Backpage escorts kendall flSigsauer
- Error_exceptionU8jf
- 1964 gto for sale under dollar10000Brubaker