Ranking_programming_languages_by_energy_efficiency_evaluation.ods - Ultimately, it is based on such comparisons that we propose a series of efficiency rankings, based on single and multiple criteria. Our results show interesting findings, such as how slower/faster languages can consume less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy consumption.

 
Energy efficiency across programming languages: how do energy, time, and memory relate? Authors: Rui Pereira , Marco Couto , Francisco Ribeiro , Rui Rua , Jácome Cunha , João Paulo Fernandes , João Saraiva Authors Info & Claims. Ray liotta have parkinson

Ranking. In this ranking, we can see the “greenest” and most efficient languages are: C, C+, Rust, and Java, although this last one shoots the memory usage. From the Paper: Normalized global ...What's the Most Efficient Language? It's 2025, and alien explorers from a distant planet are set to make first contact with Earth. Conveniently for us, they have a universal translator. Unfortunately, for us, they've intercepted far too many episodes of Jersey Shore and have a skewed perception of our species. So, in an effort to put humanity's ...v. t. e. Computer programming is the process of performing particular computations (or more generally, accomplishing specific computing results), usually by designing and building executable computer programs. Programming involves tasks such as analysis, generating algorithms, profiling algorithms' accuracy and resource consumption, and the ...Jan 25, 2023 · Python is a relatively new programming language, first introduced in 1989, that has surged in popularity with the emergence of new fields of application. It is an interpreted language that supports automatic memory management and object-oriented programming. It heavily prioritizes developer experience. Such tables illustrate that languages like C, Rust, C++, Pascal, and others are the most eco-friendly and consume the least energy. However, little is shown about how these rankings were produced.Feb 21, 2022 · Datacenters make up 1% of the world's energy consumption, amounting to about 200 terawatt hours of energy a day, and the programming languages used can also impact energy consumption. This report presents the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Program (EEP). This evaluation was conducted as specified in Natural Resources Canada’s (NRCan) Joint Audit and Evaluation Plan 2018-2021, and in accordance with the Treasury Board Policy on Results (2016).May 1, 2021 · Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency - ScienceDirect Science of Computer Programming Volume 205, 1 May 2021, 102609 Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency Pereira a b , Marco Couto c b , Francisco Ribeiro c b , Rua c b , Jácome Cunha c b , João Paulo Fernandes d , João Saraiva c b Add to Mendeley Oct 23, 2017 · This paper presents a study of the runtime, memory usage and energy consumption of twenty seven well-known software languages. We monitor the performance of such languages using ten different programming problems, expressed in each of the languages. Our results show interesting findings, such as, slower/faster languages consuming less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy ... Algorithmic efficiency. In computer science, algorithmic efficiency is a property of an algorithm which relates to the amount of computational resources used by the algorithm. An algorithm must be analyzed to determine its resource usage, and the efficiency of an algorithm can be measured based on the usage of different resources.Ultimately, it is based on such comparisons that we propose a series of efficiency rankings, based on single and multiple criteria. Our results show interesting findings, such as how slower/faster languages can consume less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy consumption.described in Section 2.2) to analyze the energy efficiency of 27 languages and (almost) 270 programs. We have also extended it in order to monitor memory consumption, as well. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 exposes the detailed steps of our methodology to measure and compare energy efficiency in software languages, followed by a pre-described in Section 2.2) to analyze the energy efficiency of 27 languages and (almost) 270 programs. We have also extended it in order to monitor memory consumption, as well. This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 exposes the detailed steps of our methodology to measure and compare energy efficiency in software languages, followed by a pre- What's the Most Efficient Language? It's 2025, and alien explorers from a distant planet are set to make first contact with Earth. Conveniently for us, they have a universal translator. Unfortunately, for us, they've intercepted far too many episodes of Jersey Shore and have a skewed perception of our species. So, in an effort to put humanity's ...Nov 2, 2022 · The idea transmuted over to software programming languages—surely a faster language was a greener one, the logic went. That all changed in 2017 thanks to a group of researchers in Portugal who use what’s called the Computer Language Benchmarks Game (CLBG) as a way of ranking software languages in terms of energy efficiency. Nov 2, 2022 · The idea transmuted over to software programming languages—surely a faster language was a greener one, the logic went. That all changed in 2017 thanks to a group of researchers in Portugal who use what’s called the Computer Language Benchmarks Game (CLBG) as a way of ranking software languages in terms of energy efficiency. Depending on which factors are important for your project you will get a different ranking of possible languages for your project. Conclusion. There is no singular good way to rank programming languages. However whenever you encounter a list or ranking of programming languages just be aware of what techniques they used to create the list.Guidebook for Energy Efficiency Evaluation, Measurement & Verification (EM&V Guidebook) to help state, local, and tribal air and energy officials—as well as key stakeholders such as utility EE implementers—take steps to learn about, establish, or refine their EM&V approaches. 1.1.1. Use by Air OfficialsAug 9, 2021 · RedMonk uses a blend of data from GitHub and Stack Overflow to come up with its semi-annual language rankings. The top 10 languages in RedMonk's latest rankings are: JavaScript. Python. Java. PHP ... Aug 24, 2021 · Python dominates as the de facto platform for new technologies. Stephen Cass. 24 Aug 2021. 3 min read. Shutterstock. Learn Python. That's the biggest takeaway we can give you from its continued ... Feb 1, 2023 · Feb 1. This is a blog post-version of the recent live talk of João Saraiva in the clean-IT openXchange series. In his live talk, Saraiva explained the methods and results of their famous study ... May 1, 2021 · Ultimately, it is based on such comparisons that we propose a series of efficiency rankings, based on single and multiple criteria. Our results show interesting findings, such as how slower/faster languages can consume less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy consumption. Energy-Languages Public. The complete set of tools for energy consumption analysis of programming languages, using Computer Language Benchmark Game. C 634 MIT 104 9 2 Updated on Apr 20, 2022. hunter-emanafa Public. hunter-emanafa. In this ranking, we can see the “greenest” and most efficient programming languages are: C, C+, Rust, and Java, although this last one shoots the memory usage. Energy: From this table, it is ...Using the calculations from the previous article, we can estimate the yearly carbon impact: C#/WPF is around .00031 mtCO2e per year for that population. Python/Kiva is around .00087 mtCO2e per ...In a programming language, an evaluation strategy is a set of rules for evaluating expressions. The term is often used to refer to the more specific notion of a parameter-passing strategy that defines the kind of value that is passed to the function for each parameter (the binding strategy) and whether to evaluate the parameters of a function call, and if so in what order (the evaluation order).Aug 8, 2023 · The 14 Best Programming Languages to Learn in 2023. 1. Python. Python is an open-sourced, general-purpose programming language. When it comes to Python applications, you have a lot of choices, as it’s widely used for web development, scientific computing, artificial intelligence, data analysis, and more. 7. C#. For the last many years, C# is holding a good position in the list of top programming languages of almost every index. The language is ranked at 4th and 5th position at TIOBE and PYPL index respectively. On GitHub Language Rankings, it holds a place at the #5 position consistently for the last two years.Overviews of the energy efficiency programs reviewed for this chapter are provided in Table 6-2 and 6-3. Key findings drawn from these programs include: • Energy efficiency resources are being acquired on aver­ age at about one-half the cost of the typical new power sources, and about one-third of the cost of nat­ RedMonk gives these rankings: 1 JavaScript 2 Java 3 Python 4 PHP 5 C# 6 C++ 7 CSS 8 Ruby 9 C 10 Objective-C 11 Swift 12 Shell 12 Scala 14 R 15 Go 15 Perl 17 TypeScript 18 PowerShell 19 Haskell 20 CoffeeScript 20 Lua 20 Matlab. Another ranking system, by Tiobe, ends up with a radically different top 20.A comprehensive study on the energy efficiency of Java thread-safe collections. In Proceedings of ICSME, 2016. 48. Pinto G., Soares-Neto, F., and Castor, F. Refactoring for energy efficiency: A reflection on the state of the art. In Proceedings of GREENS, 2015. 49. Ribic, H. and Liu, Y.D. Energy-efficient work-stealing language runtimes.Because 8-bit floating-point operations are about 30 times as energy efficient as 64-bit ones, makers of GPUs and other AI accelerator chips have been seeking ways to use such lower-precision ...Jul 4, 2021 · Using the calculations from the previous article, we can estimate the yearly carbon impact: C#/WPF is around .00031 mtCO2e per year for that population. Python/Kiva is around .00087 mtCO2e per ... The lambda calculus, developed in the 1930s by Alonzo Church, is a formal system of computation built from function application. In 1937 Alan Turing proved that the lambda calculus and Turing machines are equivalent models of computation, [36] showing that the lambda calculus is Turing complete. Lambda calculus forms the basis of all functional ... For you programming purists out there, here is an interesting white paper on the runtime energy efficiency of various programming languages. https://lnkd.in/dcMSsjKe People wonder why languages ...Haskell (/ ˈ h æ s k əl /) is a general-purpose, statically-typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation. [26] [27] Designed for teaching, research, and industrial applications, Haskell has pioneered a number of programming language features such as type classes , which enable type-safe operator ...This is the continuation of this 2017 paper: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320436353_Energy_efficiency_across_programming_languages_how_do_energy_time_and_memory_relate There are new measurements and evaluations based on CLBG (as before), but now also based on Rosetta Code. Dec 14, 2021 · Notably, the energy consumption does vary by factors up to 80 between programming languages. On average, C and Rust programs are the most energy efficient. Java programs consume about 2 times more energy than C programs. JavaScript/TypeScript programs consume between 4 to 20 times more energy than C programs. Abstract: This paper presents a study of the runtime, memory usage and energy consumption of twenty seven well-known soft- ware languages. We monitor the performance of such lan- guages using ten ...May 20, 2018 · For example, overall the C language turned out to be the fastest and also the most energy efficient. But in the benchmark test which involved scanning a DNA database for a particular genetic sequence, Rust was the most energy-efficient — while C came in third. For example, overall the C language turned out to be the fastest and also the most energy efficient. But in the benchmark test which involved scanning a DNA database for a particular genetic sequence, Rust was the most energy-efficient — while C came in third.Speed comparison of programming languages. This projects tries to compare the speed of different programming languages. In this project we don't really care about getting a precise calculation of pi. We only want to see how fast are the programming languages doing. It uses an implementation of the Leibniz formula for π to do the comparison.For you programming purists out there, here is an interesting white paper on the runtime energy efficiency of various programming languages. https://lnkd.in/dcMSsjKe People wonder why languages ... Jul 22, 2020 · Here are the metrics we use to build an overall ranking of programming language popularity. The IEEE Spectrum Top Programming Languages app synthesizes 11 metrics from eight sources to arrive at ... Energy Efficiency in Programming Languages Checking Energy Consumption in Programming Languages Using the Computer Language Benchmark Game as a case study. What is this? This repo contains the source code of 10 distinct benchmarks, implemented in 28 different languages (exactly as taken from the Computer Language Benchmark Game).What's the Most Efficient Language? It's 2025, and alien explorers from a distant planet are set to make first contact with Earth. Conveniently for us, they have a universal translator. Unfortunately, for us, they've intercepted far too many episodes of Jersey Shore and have a skewed perception of our species. So, in an effort to put humanity's ...What the study did is implement 10 benchmark problems in 27 different programming languages and measure execution time, energy consumption, and peak memory use. C and Rust significantly outperformed other languages in energy efficiency. In fact, they were roughly 50% more efficient than Java and 98% more efficient than Python.May 10, 2020 · Python vs C++. Python is more memory efficient because of its automatic garbage collection as compared to C++ which does not support garbage collection. Python code is easy to learn, use and write as compare to C++ which is hard to understand and use because of its complex syntax. Python uses an interpreter to execute the code which makes it ... This paper presents a study of the runtime, memory usage and energy consumption of twenty seven well-known software languages. We monitor the performance of such languages using ten different programming problems, expressed in each of the languages. Our results show interesting findings, such as, slower/faster languages consuming less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy ...Simon Fraser. Lecturer at Ulster University. 1w. Interesting (well to me anyhow) paper about the evaluation of the behaviour of the March and June versions of the ChatGPT 3.5 and 4. If we're going ...#software: the choice of language is not without consequences A study place in order C, Pascal, Ada as the least energy consuming https://lnkd.in/eFUyvZvX by…Notably, the energy consumption does vary by factors up to 80 between programming languages. On average, C and Rust programs are the most energy efficient. Java programs consume about 2 times more energy than C programs. JavaScript/TypeScript programs consume between 4 to 20 times more energy than C programs.The reason why it does not top the list is that it is a dynamic language. 4. Fortran. Fortran is a general-purpose language used for scientific calculations. It is known for its high performance and is used in ranking the fastest supercomputers. Fortran is widely used for numerical programming since it is faster.Compiled languages like C, Rust, C++, and Ada lead in terms of speed and energy efficiency, with Java following closely. Other popular languages like Go, JavaScript, PHP, Ruby, and Python rank lower.#software: the choice of language is not without consequences A study place in order C, Pascal, Ada as the least energy consuming https://lnkd.in/eFUyvZvX by…Feb 21, 2023 · Because 8-bit floating-point operations are about 30 times as energy efficient as 64-bit ones, makers of GPUs and other AI accelerator chips have been seeking ways to use such lower-precision ... Energy Efficiency in Programming Languages Checking Energy Consumption in Programming Languages Using the Computer Language Benchmark Game as a case study. What is this? This repo contains the source code of 10 distinct benchmarks, implemented in 28 different languages (exactly as taken from the Computer Language Benchmark Game).Energy efficiency activities between 2010 and 2012 resulted in enough energy savings to power nearly 800,000 homes for a year and cut carbon dioxide emissions by 5.3 million tons, the equivalent of removing more than 1 million cars from California’s roads. The CPUC regulates ratepayer-funded energy efficiency programs.Nov 2, 2022 · The idea transmuted over to software programming languages—surely a faster language was a greener one, the logic went. That all changed in 2017 thanks to a group of researchers in Portugal who use what’s called the Computer Language Benchmarks Game (CLBG) as a way of ranking software languages in terms of energy efficiency. Programming languages have a powerful role to develop and implement highly effective programs and systems. Energy consumption is becoming a key criterion when choosing programming languages instead of fast execution. Five papers and five popular programming languages (Haskell, Java, C#, JavaScript, and PHP) were reviewed, to answer whether the fastDatacenters make up 1% of the world's energy consumption, amounting to about 200 terawatt hours of energy a day, and the programming languages used can also impact energy consumption.Broad adoption of Rust could reduce energy consumption of compute demands by a conservatively estimated 50%, Amazon wrote. Rust delivers the energy efficiency of the C programming language ...Computer programming is the core of computer science curriculum. Several programming languages have been used to teach the first course in computer programming, and such languages are referred to as first programming language (FPL). The pool of programming languages has been evolving with the development of new languages, and from this pool different languages have been used as FPL at ...Ultimately, it is based on such comparisons that we propose a series of efficiency rankings, based on single and multiple criteria. Our results show interesting findings, such as how slower/faster languages can consume less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy consumption.Motivation: Even though many studies examine the energy efficiency of hardware and embedded systems, those that investigate the energy consumption of software applications are still limited, and mostly focused on mobile applications. As modern applications become even more complex and heterogeneous a need arises for methods that can accurately assess their energy consumption. Goal: Measure the ...Our default ranking is weighted toward the interests of an IEEE member, and looking at the top entries, we see that Python has held onto its comfortable lead, with Java and C once again coming in ...This table is an extract from a 2017 scientific article, Energy Efficiency Across Programming Languages, and it makes sense: compiled languages like C or C++ are fast and energy efficient while ...Aug 8, 2023 · The 14 Best Programming Languages to Learn in 2023. 1. Python. Python is an open-sourced, general-purpose programming language. When it comes to Python applications, you have a lot of choices, as it’s widely used for web development, scientific computing, artificial intelligence, data analysis, and more. v. t. e. Computer programming is the process of performing particular computations (or more generally, accomplishing specific computing results), usually by designing and building executable computer programs. Programming involves tasks such as analysis, generating algorithms, profiling algorithms' accuracy and resource consumption, and the ...Most startups use Python-based backend frameworks such as Django (Python), Flask (Python), and NodeJS (JavaScript). These languages are also considered to be the best programming languages to learn for beginners. Below is a list of the most popular and best programming languages that will be in demand in 2023. 1.Recent studies found that the most widely used programming languages in research, such as R and Python 95, tend to be the least energy-efficient ones 96,97, and, although it is unlikely that ...Such tables illustrate that languages like C, Rust, C++, Pascal, and others are the most eco-friendly and consume the least energy. However, little is shown about how these rankings were produced.Such tables illustrate that languages like C, Rust, C++, Pascal, and others are the most eco-friendly and consume the least energy. However, little is shown about how these rankings were produced. About this report. Energy Efficiency 2021 is the IEA’s annual update on global developments in energy efficiency. This year’s edition explores recent trends in energy efficiency markets at the economy-wide and sectoral levels, including developments in policy and investment. The report also focuses on the role of energy efficiency in ...Energy Efficiency in Programming Languages Checking Energy Consumption in Programming Languages Using the Computer Language Benchmark Game as a case study. What is this? This repo contains the source code of 10 distinct benchmarks, implemented in 28 different languages (exactly as taken from the Computer Language Benchmark Game).Aug 9, 2021 · RedMonk uses a blend of data from GitHub and Stack Overflow to come up with its semi-annual language rankings. The top 10 languages in RedMonk's latest rankings are: JavaScript. Python. Java. PHP ... Aug 24, 2021 · Python dominates as the de facto platform for new technologies. Stephen Cass. 24 Aug 2021. 3 min read. Shutterstock. Learn Python. That's the biggest takeaway we can give you from its continued ... The Football Power Index (FPI) is a measure of team strength that is meant to be the best predictor of a team's performance going forward for the rest of the season. FPI represents how many points ...Feb 21, 2023 · Because 8-bit floating-point operations are about 30 times as energy efficient as 64-bit ones, makers of GPUs and other AI accelerator chips have been seeking ways to use such lower-precision ... Aug 29, 2023 · Most startups use Python-based backend frameworks such as Django (Python), Flask (Python), and NodeJS (JavaScript). These languages are also considered to be the best programming languages to learn for beginners. Below is a list of the most popular and best programming languages that will be in demand in 2023. 1. Most popular programming languages to learn in 2023. The following list outlines a few of the most popular programming languages among software developers worldwide [ 2 ]. 1. JavaScript. According to a study by Statista, JavaScript is the most popular language to learn. JavaScript (JS) is a scripting language used to make websites and mobile ...Jun 9, 2015 · What's the Most Efficient Language? It's 2025, and alien explorers from a distant planet are set to make first contact with Earth. Conveniently for us, they have a universal translator. Unfortunately, for us, they've intercepted far too many episodes of Jersey Shore and have a skewed perception of our species. So, in an effort to put humanity's ... What's the Most Efficient Language? It's 2025, and alien explorers from a distant planet are set to make first contact with Earth. Conveniently for us, they have a universal translator. Unfortunately, for us, they've intercepted far too many episodes of Jersey Shore and have a skewed perception of our species. So, in an effort to put humanity's ...Jul 4, 2021 · Using the calculations from the previous article, we can estimate the yearly carbon impact: C#/WPF is around .00031 mtCO2e per year for that population. Python/Kiva is around .00087 mtCO2e per ... Algorithmic efficiency. In computer science, algorithmic efficiency is a property of an algorithm which relates to the amount of computational resources used by the algorithm. An algorithm must be analyzed to determine its resource usage, and the efficiency of an algorithm can be measured based on the usage of different resources. Dec 14, 2021 · Notably, the energy consumption does vary by factors up to 80 between programming languages. On average, C and Rust programs are the most energy efficient. Java programs consume about 2 times more energy than C programs. JavaScript/TypeScript programs consume between 4 to 20 times more energy than C programs.

Ultimately, it is based on such comparisons that we propose a series of efficiency rankings, based on single and multiple criteria. Our results show interesting findings, such as how slower/faster languages can consume less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy consumption.. Urpw 024

ranking_programming_languages_by_energy_efficiency_evaluation.ods

Feb 11, 2022 · What the study did is implement 10 benchmark problems in 27 different programming languages and measure execution time, energy consumption, and peak memory use. C and Rust significantly outperformed other languages in energy efficiency. In fact, they were roughly 50% more efficient than Java and 98% more efficient than Python. The 14 Best Programming Languages to Learn in 2023. 1. Python. Python is an open-sourced, general-purpose programming language. When it comes to Python applications, you have a lot of choices, as it’s widely used for web development, scientific computing, artificial intelligence, data analysis, and more.A comprehensive study on the energy efficiency of Java thread-safe collections. In Proceedings of ICSME, 2016. 48. Pinto G., Soares-Neto, F., and Castor, F. Refactoring for energy efficiency: A reflection on the state of the art. In Proceedings of GREENS, 2015. 49. Ribic, H. and Liu, Y.D. Energy-efficient work-stealing language runtimes.On IEEE Spectrum 's Fixing the Future podcast, our editors talk with the brightest minds in technology about concrete solutions to big challenges. 1. JavaScript. JavaScript is one of the world’s most popular programming languages on the web. Using JavaScript, you can build some of the most interactive websites. Also, it is one of the most demanding languages in programming as per recent reports by Stack Overflow.ENERGY STAR is the simple choice for energy efficiency, making it easy to find products that will save you money and protect the environment. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ensures that each product that earns the label is independently certified to deliver the efficiency performance and savings that consumers have come to expect ...May 1, 2021 · Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency - ScienceDirect Science of Computer Programming Volume 205, 1 May 2021, 102609 Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency Pereira a b , Marco Couto c b , Francisco Ribeiro c b , Rua c b , Jácome Cunha c b , João Paulo Fernandes d , João Saraiva c b Add to Mendeley Speed comparison of programming languages. This projects tries to compare the speed of different programming languages. In this project we don't really care about getting a precise calculation of pi. We only want to see how fast are the programming languages doing. It uses an implementation of the Leibniz formula for π to do the comparison. Oct 25, 2021 · However, the question is hard to answer as many factors creep while measuring power consumption. This includes the quality of the compiler, libraries used, etc. However, the researchers were able to separate energy use by CPU or DRAM utilisation, determining that the CPU consumed the majority of power, about 88.94% on average, and the remaining ... Ultimately, it is based on such comparisons that we propose a series of efficiency rankings, based on single and multiple criteria. Our results show interesting findings, such as how slower/faster languages can consume less/more energy, and how memory usage influences energy consumption.For the last five years, Rust was voted as the most loved programming language by 86% of developers who took the survey. TypeScript took position two with 67.1% while Python came third after ...What's the Most Efficient Language? It's 2025, and alien explorers from a distant planet are set to make first contact with Earth. Conveniently for us, they have a universal translator. Unfortunately, for us, they've intercepted far too many episodes of Jersey Shore and have a skewed perception of our species. So, in an effort to put humanity's ...Speed comparison of programming languages. This projects tries to compare the speed of different programming languages. In this project we don't really care about getting a precise calculation of pi. We only want to see how fast are the programming languages doing. It uses an implementation of the Leibniz formula for π to do the comparison.This paper compares a large set of programming languages regarding their e ciency, including from an energetic point-of-view. Indeed, we seek to estab-lish and analyze di erent rankings for programming languages based on their energy e ciency. The goal of being able to rank programming languages based Request PDF | Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency | This paper compares a large set of programming languages regarding their efficiency, including from an energetic point-of-view.Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency R Pereira, M Couto, F Ribeiro, R Rua, J Cunha, JP Fernandes, J Saraiva Science of Computer Programming, 102609 , 2021 Feb 1. This is a blog post-version of the recent live talk of João Saraiva in the clean-IT openXchange series. In his live talk, Saraiva explained the methods and results of their famous study ...Haskell (/ ˈ h æ s k əl /) is a general-purpose, statically-typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation. [26] [27] Designed for teaching, research, and industrial applications, Haskell has pioneered a number of programming language features such as type classes , which enable type-safe operator ... May 1, 2021 · Request PDF | Ranking programming languages by energy efficiency | This paper compares a large set of programming languages regarding their efficiency, including from an energetic point-of-view. The OECD DAC Network on Development Evaluation (EvalNet) has defined six evaluation criteria – relevance, coherence, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability – and two principles for their use. These criteria provide a normative framework used to determine the merit or worth of an intervention (policy, strategy, programme ....

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